As a subject matter expert in nuclear science, I have a deep understanding of the various applications of thorium. Thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive element with the symbol Th and atomic number 90. It is primarily used in nuclear power generation, but it also has several other applications that are worth discussing.

Nuclear Power Generation:
The most prominent use of thorium is in the nuclear power industry. Thorium can be used as a fuel in nuclear reactors due to its ability to undergo fission, releasing a significant amount of energy. Unlike uranium, which is commonly used in nuclear power plants, thorium itself is not fissile; it cannot sustain a chain reaction on its own. However, when thorium-232 absorbs a neutron, it transmutes into protactinium-233, which subsequently decays into uranium-233 through beta decay. Uranium-233 is fissile and can be used as nuclear fuel in reactors.

Thermal Breeding:
One of the advantages of using thorium in nuclear reactors is its potential for thermal breeding. In a thorium-based reactor, more fissile material can be produced than is consumed, which means that the reactor can potentially produce more fuel than it uses. This is particularly beneficial for long-term energy production and sustainability.

Research and Development:
Thorium is also used in research reactors for scientific research and the development of new technologies. These reactors are designed to test various aspects of nuclear physics and materials science, as well as to support the development of new fuels and reactor designs.

Spacecraft Propulsion:
In the field of space exploration, thorium has been considered for use in nuclear propulsion systems. The high energy density of thorium makes it an attractive option for powering spacecraft over long distances.

Medical Applications:
Thorium and its compounds have been used in medical applications, such as in the production of certain types of medical isotopes. These isotopes can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in nuclear medicine.

Industrial Applications:
Thorium compounds have been used in various industrial applications, including the manufacture of high-temperature ceramics and as a catalyst in chemical processes.

Thorium Coating:
As mentioned in the provided reference, thorium is also used to coat tungsten filaments used in electronic devices, such as television sets. The thorium coating enhances the electron emission properties of the filament, improving the device's performance.

Environmental Considerations:
While thorium has many potential benefits, it is also important to consider the environmental impact of its use. Thorium is a radioactive material, and proper handling, storage, and disposal are critical to ensure safety and to minimize any potential harm to the environment.

In conclusion, thorium is a versatile element with a wide range of applications, particularly in the field of nuclear energy. Its potential for use in sustainable energy production, along with its other industrial and scientific applications, makes it an important resource for the future.

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Thorium is also used to coat tungsten filaments used in electronic devices, such at television sets. When bombarded with neutrons, thorium-232 becomes thorium-233, which eventually decays into uranium-233 through a series of beta decays. Uranium-233 is a fissionable material and can be used as a nuclear fuel.read more >>