As a subject matter expert in the field of petroleum engineering, I am well-versed in the nuances of crude oil classification and its implications for the industry. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, and it is categorized based on various factors, including its density, viscosity, and sulfur content. The primary distinction between light and heavy crude oil lies in their physical and chemical properties, which in turn affect their extraction, processing, and value in the market.

Light Crude Oil is characterized by its low density and high API gravity, typically above 20°. This type of oil is less viscous, meaning it flows more easily, which makes it less expensive to produce and refine. Light crude oil is also generally richer in lighter hydrocarbons, such as gasoline and diesel, which are in high demand in the market. These properties make light crude oil more valuable and sought after by refineries.

Heavy Crude Oil, on the other hand, is denser with a lower API gravity, usually less than 20°. It is referred to as "heavy" because it is more viscous and does not flow easily, requiring more energy and resources to extract and process. Heavy crude oil contains a higher proportion of heavier hydrocarbons and impurities, such as sulfur and metals, which can complicate the refining process and reduce its overall value. However, advancements in technology have made it more feasible to extract and process heavy crude oil, making it an increasingly important part of the global energy mix.

The difference between light and heavy crude oil is not just a matter of density or viscosity but also has significant implications for the environmental impact of extraction and refining processes. Heavy crude oil's higher sulfur content, for example, can lead to increased emissions of sulfur dioxide during refining, which contributes to air pollution and acid rain.

In summary, the distinction between light and heavy crude oil is multifaceted, encompassing differences in physical properties, ease of extraction and processing, and environmental considerations. The industry continues to evolve in its ability to handle and utilize these different types of crude oil to meet the world's energy needs.

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On the other hand, heavy crude oil or extra heavy crude oil is any type of crude oil which does not flow easily. It is referred to as --heavy-- because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less than 20--.read more >>