As a subject matter expert in maritime defense and submarine operations, I have a deep understanding of the capabilities and limitations of various types of submarines, including nuclear-powered ones. Nuclear submarines, also known as nuclear-powered submarines, have the ability to stay submerged for extended periods due to their propulsion system, which is powered by nuclear reactors.

The nuclear reactors on these submarines are a game-changer compared to diesel-powered submarines. While diesel submarines are limited by the amount of fuel and air they can carry, nuclear submarines can theoretically operate for years without refueling. However, the actual time they can stay underwater is influenced by several factors, not just the availability of fuel.

Let's talk about the food and supplies. Submarines are equipped with a significant amount of food and other supplies to sustain their crew for extended periods. It is common for a nuclear submarine to carry enough food for about 90 days. This is a strategic decision to ensure that the submarine can remain operational and self-sufficient for an extended deployment.

Another factor to consider is maintenance and crew welfare. Even though the nuclear reactor does not require refueling, the submarine itself still requires regular maintenance. There are mechanical systems that need to be checked, and equipment that may need to be repaired or replaced. Additionally, the mental and physical well-being of the crew is paramount. Prolonged isolation and the confined space can have an impact on the crew's morale and performance.

Communication is also a critical aspect. Nuclear submarines need to maintain contact with their command centers for operational instructions, intelligence updates, and to relay their status. While they have advanced communication systems that can operate while submerged, there may be times when they need to surface or come close to the surface to establish a more secure and reliable communication link.

The environment can also impose limitations. Underwater currents, ice conditions, and the presence of enemy forces can affect how long a submarine can stay submerged. For instance, in Arctic regions, a submarine might need to surface periodically to navigate through ice.

Lastly, there's the aspect of operational strategy. The mission of the submarine will dictate how long it needs to stay underwater. Some missions might require the submarine to remain hidden for as long as possible, while others might involve regular surfacing for various reasons.

In conclusion, while nuclear submarines have the technical capability to stay underwater for a very long time due to their nuclear propulsion, the actual duration is determined by a combination of logistical, operational, and strategic factors. The 90-day supply of food is often cited as a benchmark for how long a crew can be sustained, but the submarine's ability to stay submerged is not solely limited by this.

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The limits on how long they can stay underwater are food and supplies. Submarines generally stock a 90-day supply of food, so they can spend three months underwater. The diesel-powered submarines (not now used by the United States Navy) had a limit of several days submerged.Feb 15, 2018read more >>