As an expert in the field of aviation and fuel science, I can provide you with a comprehensive answer regarding the freezing point of jet fuel. Jet fuel, specifically Jet-A, is a type of aviation turbine fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is crucial for the operation of commercial and military aircraft, and its freezing point is a critical parameter that affects its performance and safety.

The freezing point of Jet-A fuel is typically around -40°C (-40°F). This value is significant because it indicates the temperature at which the fuel begins to solidify. At altitudes where commercial aircraft often operate, such as above 30,000 feet, the external temperatures can drop significantly, sometimes reaching or even exceeding the freezing point of Jet-A. For instance, at 36,000 feet, the standard outside air temperature can be as low as -56.5°C (-69.7°F), which is well below the freezing point of the fuel.

However, it is important to understand that the freezing point of jet fuel is not a fixed value but can vary depending on several factors. These factors include the specific formulation of the fuel, the presence of additives, and the environmental conditions such as humidity and pressure. Jet fuel manufacturers often add anti-icing agents and flow improvers to prevent the fuel from freezing at temperatures lower than its natural freezing point.

Aircraft are designed to handle these low temperatures and ensure that the fuel remains in a liquid state during operation. Fuel systems are equipped with heaters that maintain the fuel at a temperature above its freezing point. Additionally, the fuel tanks are often insulated to reduce heat loss to the cold external environment.

Moreover, the aviation industry has established strict standards and guidelines to ensure the quality and performance of jet fuel. These standards include specifications for the freezing point, flash point, and other properties that are critical for safe and efficient operation of aircraft.

In conclusion, the freezing point of Jet-A fuel is a critical parameter that is carefully managed through the design of the fuel, the aircraft's fuel system, and adherence to industry standards. While the standard freezing point is around -40°C (-40°F), it is essential to recognize that this value can be influenced by various factors and that aircraft are equipped to operate safely in the extreme cold temperatures encountered at high altitudes.

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Typical physical properties for Jet A and Jet A-1Jet A-1Autoignition temperature210 --C (410 --F)Freezing point?47 --C (?53 --F)Max adiabatic burn temperature2,500 K (2,230 --C) (4,040 --F) open air burn temperature: 1,030 --C (1,890 --F)Density at 15 --C (59 --F)0.804 kg/l (6.71 lb/US gal)3 more rowsread more >>