As an energy sector expert, I have a deep understanding of the complexities involved in calculating the total cost of coal. The cost of coal is not just about the price you see on the market, but also includes a range of externalities that are often overlooked. These externalities include the environmental impact, health costs, and other social costs that are not typically factored into the market price.

To begin with, the direct cost of coal involves the extraction, processing, and transportation of the commodity. This includes the wages for miners, the cost of machinery, and the expenses associated with moving the coal to power plants or other facilities. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the true cost of coal.

Environmental Impact is a significant factor. Coal-fired power plants are major contributors to air pollution, emitting sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and other pollutants that can harm the environment and human health. The cost of cleaning up this pollution, both in terms of direct cleanup efforts and the long-term damage to ecosystems, is substantial.

Health Costs are another critical aspect. The pollutants released by burning coal can lead to respiratory problems, heart disease, and other health issues. The medical expenses and the economic impact of these health problems are part of the external costs of coal.

Climate Change is also a major concern. Coal is one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. The costs associated with climate change are immense, including the damage from extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and the effects on agriculture and biodiversity.

Social Costs encompass the broader impacts on communities, such as the displacement of people due to mining operations and the loss of local ecosystems that support livelihoods.

The study mentioned in the provided reference estimated the sum total of coal's externalities to be between 9.42 cents and 26.89 cents per kilowatt-hour, with a best guess of 17.84 cents. This suggests that the United States' reliance on coal could be costing the public between a third to over one-half of a trillion dollars annually.

However, it's important to note that these figures are estimates and can vary widely depending on the methodology used, the specific technologies involved, and the regulatory environment. Moreover, as the world moves towards cleaner energy sources, the relative cost of coal may increase due to stricter regulations and the development of alternative technologies.

In conclusion, the total cost of coal is a complex issue that goes far beyond the market price. It involves a comprehensive consideration of environmental, health, climate, and social costs. As we continue to grapple with the challenges of energy production and consumption, understanding these costs is crucial for making informed decisions about our energy future.

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In the end, they estimated that the sum total of coal's externalities amounted to between 9.42 cents and 26.89 cents per kilowatt-hour. Their best guess put it at 17.84 cents. The United States' dependence on coal cost the public --a third to over one-half of a trillion dollars annually,-- they wrote.Aug 14, 2015read more >>