### Step 1: English Explanation
Deontological ethics, often referred to as deontology, is a significant branch of moral philosophy that emphasizes the importance of rules and duties in determining the moral value of an action. The term "deontology" is derived from the Greek word "deon," which means "obligation" or "duty." This ethical theory stands in contrast to consequentialist theories, such as utilitarianism, which focus on the outcomes or consequences of actions to determine their moral worth.

#### Key Principles of Deontological Ethics

1. Duty-Based: Deontological ethics is fundamentally duty-based. It asserts that certain duties or obligations are intrinsically right or wrong, regardless of the consequences that may follow from fulfilling or violating them.


2. Rule-Following: Deontologists believe in the existence of moral rules that should be followed unconditionally. These rules are considered absolute and are not to be broken under any circumstances.


3. Absolutism: Unlike consequentialism, which may allow for moral flexibility based on the ends, deontology often maintains a form of absolutism. This means that certain actions are always wrong, no matter the potential benefits that could arise from them.


4. Rights and Respect for Individuals: Deontological ethics places a high value on individual rights and the inherent worth of each person. This respect for persons is a cornerstone of deontological thought and often leads to the formulation of rules that protect these rights.


5. Intentionality: The theory also emphasizes the importance of intentions behind actions. An action's moral character is determined not just by its outcome but also by the intentions of the agent performing it.

#### Prominent Deontological Theorists
- Immanuel Kant: Perhaps the most well-known proponent of deontological ethics, Kant's work laid the foundation for modern deontological theory. He introduced the concept of the categorical imperative, a principle that requires individuals to act according to maxims that could be universally legislated.

- W.D. Ross: Ross proposed the concept of prima facie duties, which are duties that are binding unless overridden by other, more significant duties.

#### Criticisms of Deontology

1. Rigidity: Critics argue that deontology's strict adherence to rules can lead to morally counterintuitive outcomes, especially when there is a conflict between duties.


2. Priority of Duties: Determining the hierarchy of duties can be problematic, as there may be situations where it is unclear which duty should take precedence.


3. Lack of Flexibility: Deontology's inflexibility is seen as a weakness by those who believe that moral decisions should be context-dependent and take into account the specific circumstances of each case.

#### Applications in Real Life
Deontological ethics has practical implications in various fields, including law, medicine, and business. For example, in healthcare, the principle of "do no harm" is a deontological rule that physicians are expected to follow, even when doing so may not lead to the most beneficial outcome for the patient.

#### Conclusion
Deontological ethics provides a framework for moral decision-making that is grounded in the concept of duty and the adherence to moral rules. While it offers a clear and principled approach to ethics, it also faces challenges in terms of its rigidity and the complexities of applying its principles in real-world situations.

### Step 2: Divider
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In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek --?-Ϧ-, deon, "obligation, duty") is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on rules. It is sometimes described as "duty-" or "obligation-" or "rule-" based ethics, because rules "bind you to your duty".read more >>