As a domain expert in the field of political philosophy and art history, I would like to address the question of whether realism is an ideology. It is important to clarify that the term "realism" can be applied to various contexts, such as political philosophy, international relations, and the arts. In the context of political philosophy and international relations, realism is indeed considered an ideology. However, in the context of art, particularly as mentioned with the reference to "Ideological realism" and the Peredvizhniki movement, the term takes on a different meaning and is not typically classified as an ideology in the same sense.
Step 1: English Answer
Realism in political philosophy is an ideology that shapes the way we understand and approach the dynamics of power, governance, and human nature. It is a school of thought that has been influential in shaping the field of international relations, particularly through the works of thinkers like Hans Morgenthau and E.H. Carr. Realism posits that the world is governed by objective laws that operate independently of our desires for how the world ought to be. It emphasizes the role of the state as the principal actor in international politics, driven by national interests, often defined in terms of power and security.

The core tenets of realism include the following:


1. Human Nature: Realists believe that humans are inherently selfish and power-driven. This view is rooted in the idea that individuals and states alike are motivated by self-interest.


2. Anarchy: The international system is anarchic, meaning there is no overarching authority to regulate relations between states. This leads to a state of constant competition and potential conflict.


3. National Interest: States act to protect and promote their national interests, which are typically understood in terms of power and security.


4. Power Politics: Realism sees power as the currency of international relations. States are constantly engaged in a struggle for power, which can be military, economic, or ideological.


5. Balance of Power: To prevent the dominance of any single state, a balance of power is necessary. This can be achieved through alliances and counterbalancing strategies.


6. Sovereignty: The principle of sovereignty is paramount, with states having the right to conduct their affairs without external interference.

In contrast, "Ideological realism" in the context of the arts, particularly in 19th-century Russia, refers to a movement that sought to depict the real conditions of life, often with a critical eye towards social and political issues. The Peredvizhniki, or "Wanderers," were a group of Russian realist artists who aimed to bring art to the masses and used their work as a platform for social commentary. This form of realism was not an ideology in the political sense but rather an artistic and cultural movement with its own set of principles and goals.

Ideological realism in art is characterized by:


1. Social Critique: Artworks often contained commentary on the social and political issues of the time, aiming to raise awareness and provoke thought.


2. Realistic Depiction: Artists strived for a truthful representation of their subjects, avoiding the idealization common in other art movements.


3. Accessibility: The movement aimed to make art accessible to the general public, moving away from the exclusive galleries and exhibitions.


4. Cultural Relevance: The works were meant to reflect the cultural and historical context of the society in which they were created.


5. Educational Role: Art was seen as a means to educate the public about important issues and to inspire social and political change.

In summary, while both political realism and ideological realism in art share the common theme of confronting reality, they are distinct in their application and implications. Political realism is an ideology with profound implications for how we understand and interact with the world of international politics and power dynamics. Ideological realism in art, on the other hand, is a movement that uses realism as a tool for social and cultural commentary, rather than a set of principles guiding political or social organization.

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Ideological realism. Ideological realism was an artistic movement in 19th century Russia, including groups like the Peredvizhniki. Ideological realism is also a name for a literary current that reached its zenith in the 19th century.read more >>