As a legal and drug policy expert with extensive knowledge in the field of substance classification and regulation, I can provide a detailed explanation of what constitutes a Class D drug. It's important to note that drug classification systems can vary by jurisdiction, but I will be focusing on the classification system commonly used in the United Kingdom and some other countries that follow a similar approach.
Drugs are classified into different classes based on their potential for harm, abuse, and their psychological and physiological effects. The classification system is designed to regulate the availability and control the distribution of these substances to minimize the risks associated with their use.
Class D drugs are considered to have a moderate to low potential for harm and abuse compared to Class A, B, and C drugs. They are typically subject to a high level of control, but less so than the drugs in the higher classes. It's crucial to understand that even though Class D drugs are considered less harmful, they can still pose significant health risks and legal consequences if misused.
In the UK, Class D drugs include a range of substances such as:

1. Barbiturates: These are central nervous system depressants that were once widely used as sedatives and anticonvulsants. They include drugs like phenobarbital and amobarbital.

2. Benzodiazepines: A class of psychoactive drugs that are often prescribed for conditions like anxiety and insomnia. Valium (diazepam) and Klonopin (clonazepam) are examples of benzodiazepines.

3. Cannabis: This is a controversial drug that has been reclassified several times in various jurisdictions. It is the primary psychoactive component in marijuana and is known for its mind-altering effects.

4. Tramadol: An atypical opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain.

5. GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate): A central nervous system depressant that is sometimes used recreationally and is known for its sedative and euphoric effects.
It's important to clarify that the list provided in your question seems to be a mix of different classifications from various sources. For instance, GHB is listed as a Class A drug in the UK, not Class D. Similarly, morphine is a Class A drug due to its high potential for addiction and harm.
Codeine and opium are also not Class E drugs; they are typically classified under Class A or B, depending on the form and concentration.
The penalties for possession, distribution, and manufacture of Class D drugs can be severe, including imprisonment and fines. However, they are generally less severe than those for Class A drugs, which are considered the most dangerous.
It's also worth mentioning that drug policy is an evolving field, and classifications can change over time as new research becomes available and societal attitudes shift. For example, the reclassification of cannabis in some places reflects a shift in perception regarding its relative harm compared to other substances.
In conclusion, Class D drugs represent a category of substances with moderate to low potential for harm and abuse. They are subject to significant legal controls, and while they may be less dangerous than higher classes, they still pose risks to health and well-being. It's essential for individuals to be aware of the legal and health implications associated with the use of these drugs.
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Drug CrimesClass A Drugs - Heroin, Morphine, GHB, and Special K.Class B Drugs - Cocaine, LSD, Oxycontin, Ecstasy, Amphetamines, Methamphetamines, and PCP or Angel Dust.Class C Drugs - Clonazepam, Vicodin, and Valium.Class D Drugs - Marijuana.Class E Drugs - Codeine, Morphine, and Opium.More items...read more >>