As a domain expert in political theory, I am well-versed in the foundational principles of Marxism. Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated from the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It is a comprehensive framework that addresses a wide array of issues from economics to social relations and historical development. Here are the basic beliefs of Marxism:


1. Historical Materialism: This is the methodological approach that Marx used to understand the development of human societies. It posits that the material conditions of society, particularly the mode of production, determine social relations and consciousness.


2. Class Struggle: Marx believed that history is shaped by the struggle between different social classes, particularly the oppressor and the oppressed classes.


3. Surplus Value: This is a key concept in Marx's critique of capitalism. It refers to the value produced by workers that exceeds the cost of their wages, which is then appropriated by the capitalist class.


4. Alienation: Marx argued that under capitalism, workers are alienated from the products of their labor, the process of production, their fellow workers, and their own humanity.


5. Proletariat Revolution: Marx predicted that the working class, or proletariat, would rise up against the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) in a revolution that would lead to the overthrow of capitalism.


6. Communism: This is the end goal of Marxism, a classless society where the means of production are owned collectively, and goods and services are distributed according to need.

7.
Dialectical Materialism: This is a philosophical approach that Marx adapted from Hegel, which involves understanding the world as a process of contradictions and conflicts that lead to change and development.

8.
Base and Superstructure: Marx argued that the economic base of a society (its mode of production) determines its legal, political, and ideological superstructure.

9.
Revolutionary Praxis: Marx emphasized the importance of not just understanding the world but also changing it through revolutionary action.

10.
Internationalism: Marx believed that the struggle for socialism was an international one, as the capitalist mode of production is global in nature.

Marx was indeed a historical determinist, and he saw the transition to communism as an inevitable outcome of the contradictions inherent in the capitalist system. However, it is important to note that Marxism is not a static doctrine; it has evolved and been interpreted in various ways by different thinkers and movements over time.

Now, let's proceed with the translation into Chinese.

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Marxists not only follow Marx's teachings on economics, but also on a variety of other beliefs about morality and history. Marx was a historical determinist who believed that the world would inevitably move toward a communist political and economic system through a series of social revolutions.read more >>