As an expert in the field of political theory, I'm well-versed in the foundational concepts of Marxism. The basic idea of Marxism is rooted in the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and it encompasses a wide range of social, economic, and political theories. Here's a detailed overview:

Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated from the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It is based on the materialist conception of history, which posits that the economic base of society (the mode of production and the relations of production) determines the superstructure (politics, law, ideology, and culture).

Historical Materialism: This is the cornerstone of Marxist thought, asserting that the course of history is determined by the material conditions of society, particularly the way in which societies produce and reproduce the material means of life.

Class Struggle: Marxism identifies class struggle as the driving force of historical development. It sees society as divided into two main classes: the bourgeoisie, who own the means of production, and the proletariat, who sell their labor for wages.

Surplus Value: Marx's labor theory of value posits that the value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time required to produce it. He argued that the bourgeoisie extracts surplus value from the proletariat by paying them less than the value they produce.

Alienation: Marx believed that under capitalism, workers are alienated from the products of their labor, from the process of production, from their own species-essence, from other workers, and from their human potential.

Capitalism and Its Contradictions: Marx saw capitalism as a system riddled with contradictions that would ultimately lead to its downfall. He predicted that the increasing concentration of wealth and power would lead to economic crises and class conflict, culminating in a revolution by the proletariat.

Dialectical Materialism: This is a method of understanding the world that sees change as a result of the conflict between opposing forces. It is a critical part of Marx's analysis of history and society.

**Revolution and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat**: Marx believed that a revolution by the working class was necessary to overthrow the capitalist system. After the revolution, a transitional period known as the dictatorship of the proletariat would be necessary to suppress the bourgeoisie and establish a socialist society.

Communism: The ultimate goal of Marxism is communism, a classless society where the state has withered away, and the means of production are owned collectively, leading to the free development of each individual.

Marxism also has a profound critique of the capitalist system, arguing that it is inherently exploitative and that it creates a false consciousness that masks the true nature of class relations.

Now, let's proceed with the translation into Chinese.

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Marxism believes that there was a real contradiction between human nature and the way that we must work in a capitalist society. Marxism has a dialectic approach to life in that everything has two sides. Marxism believes that capitalism is not only an economic system but is also a political system.read more >>