As an expert in international relations and conflict studies, I have a deep understanding of the complex factors that led to the separation of North and South Sudan. The division was the culmination of a long and tumultuous history marked by ethnic, religious, and political differences, as well as economic disparities and a struggle for resources and power.

Step 1: English Answer

The separation of North and South Sudan is a result of a multitude of factors, which can be traced back to the colonial era and the post-colonial period. Here are the key reasons that contributed to the split:


1. Historical Context and Colonial Legacy: The division between North and South Sudan has its roots in the colonial period when the British, who ruled Sudan, administered the two regions separately. This created a distinction between the predominantly Muslim and Arabic-speaking North and the more diverse South, which is home to a mix of ethnic groups, including Christians and followers of traditional African religions.


2. Ethnic and Religious Differences: These differences played a significant role in the conflict. The North is predominantly Muslim, while the South has a significant Christian population along with those who practice indigenous beliefs. This religious divide has been a source of tension and has often been manipulated for political purposes.


3. Economic Disparities: The South is rich in oil reserves, which has been a major point of contention. The North, which controlled the government and the distribution of resources, was perceived to be benefiting disproportionately from the South's resources, leading to resentment and calls for a more equitable distribution of wealth.


4. Civil Wars and Conflict: Sudan has experienced two major civil wars, with the first lasting from 1955 to 1972 and the second, which was Africa's longest-running civil war, from 1983 to 2005. The second war in particular was devastating and led to the deaths of an estimated 2 million people and the displacement of millions more.

5. **The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)**: This agreement ended the second civil war and established a power-sharing government between the North and the South. It also provided for a referendum on independence for the South, which was held in January 2011.


6. The Referendum and Secession: The January 2011 referendum saw an overwhelming majority of South Sudanese voters choose to secede from Sudan. This was a peaceful expression of the desire for self-determination and was a direct result of the CPA.

7.
International Support and Recognition: The international community, including the United Nations and various countries, played a significant role in supporting the peace process and the eventual recognition of South Sudan as an independent state in July 2011.

8.
Post-Independence Challenges: Despite gaining independence, South Sudan has faced numerous challenges, including internal conflicts, economic struggles, and a lack of infrastructure. These issues have complicated the relationship between the two nations and the process of establishing a stable and prosperous state.

In conclusion, the separation of North and South Sudan was a complex process influenced by historical, ethnic, religious, economic, and political factors. The 2005 CPA and the subsequent referendum were pivotal moments that led to the creation of Africa's newest nation.

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South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in July 2011 as the outcome of a 2005 peace deal that ended Africa's longest-running civil war. An overwhelming majority of South Sudanese voted in a January 2011 referendum to secede and become Africa's first new country since Eritrea split from Ethiopia in 1993.read more >>