As a historian specializing in international relations, I can provide a detailed overview of the League of Nations and the countries that were not part of it. The League of Nations was an international organization founded after World War I as part of the Treaty of Versailles. Its primary purpose was to maintain world peace and prevent future conflicts through collective security and disarmament.
The League was established on January 10, 1920, and had 42 founding members. Over time, more countries joined, and at its peak, it had 63 member states. However, not all nations were members of the League. There were several reasons for this, including political disagreements, economic considerations, and the desire to maintain a certain level of autonomy from international oversight.

The Soviet Union, as you mentioned, was indeed expelled from the League in 1939 after its invasion of Finland. This was a significant event as it highlighted the League's inability to enforce its own resolutions and maintain peace among its members.

The United States, despite President Woodrow Wilson's significant role in the creation of the League, never joined. The U.S. Senate failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, which included the Covenant of the League of Nations. The U.S.'s non-membership was a considerable blow to the organization's credibility and effectiveness.

Other notable countries that were not part of the League included:


1. Germany and Japan, two major aggressors in World War II, were initially members but withdrew in the 1930s as they pursued aggressive expansionist policies that were in direct opposition to the League's principles.


2. China, while a founding member, had a complex relationship with the League due to its internal conflicts and the external aggressions it faced, particularly from Japan.


3. The Holy See (Vatican City) maintained a position of non-membership, adhering to its policy of diplomatic neutrality and religious focus.


4. Various other states had reasons ranging from political neutrality to economic or strategic considerations that led them not to join the League. These included countries like Spain, which was dealing with its own civil war, and Portugal, which was focused on its overseas colonies.

The League of Nations faced numerous challenges and ultimately proved ineffective in preventing the outbreak of World War II. Its failures led to the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, which aimed to address the shortcomings of the League and provide a more robust framework for international cooperation and peacekeeping.

Now, let's proceed with the translation into Chinese.

read more >>

The Soviet Union was the only country to be expelled by the League (in 1939, following its invasion of Finland). Despite formulating the concept and signing the Covenant, the United States never joined the League of Nations.read more >>