As a medical professional with expertise in cardiology, I can explain how the ejection fraction (EF) is calculated. Ejection fraction is a measure of the heart's pumping efficiency. It's expressed as a percentage and indicates how much blood the heart pumps out with each contraction.

The calculation of ejection fraction typically involves the following steps:


1. Doppler Echocardiography: This is the most common method used to calculate EF. It uses sound waves to create an image of the heart and measure the volume of blood in the left ventricle.

2. **Measuring the Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume (LVEDV)**: This is the volume of the left ventricle at the end of diastole (when the heart is at its largest and has just filled with blood).

3. **Measuring the Left Ventricular End-Systolic Volume (LVESV)**: This is the volume of the left ventricle at the end of systole (when the heart has just finished contracting and is about to relax to fill with blood again).


4. Calculating Ejection Fraction: The EF is then calculated using the following formula:
\[
EF (\%) = \left( \frac{LVEDV - LVESV}{LVEDV} \right) \times 100
\]

The normal range for ejection fraction is typically between 50% and 70%. An EF of less than 40% is often considered a sign of heart failure.

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Ejection fraction is commonly measured by echocardiography, in which the volumes of the heart's chambers are measured during the cardiac cycle. ... Ejection fraction can then be obtained by dividing the volume ejected by the heart (stroke volume) by the volume of the filled heart (end-diastolic volume).read more >>