As a domain expert in the field of nutrition and metabolism, I'd like to provide a comprehensive overview of what happens to sugar when you consume it.
When you eat sugar, a complex process begins that involves digestion, absorption, and utilization of this vital nutrient. Sugar, in its various forms such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, is one of the primary sources of energy for the human body.

Step 1: Digestion
The process starts in the mouth, where enzymes in saliva begin to break down complex carbohydrates. However, the majority of sugar digestion occurs in the small intestine. Here, enzymes like sucrase, maltase, and lactase break down disaccharides (sugars composed of two monosaccharide units) into monosaccharides, which are simpler and can be absorbed by the body.

Step 2: Absorption
Once broken down into monosaccharides, these sugars are absorbed through the lining of the small intestine into the bloodstream. Glucose, the primary sugar used for energy, is absorbed through a process called facilitated diffusion, which requires a specific transport protein.

Step 3: Utilization and Regulation
Once in the bloodstream, glucose levels rise, which is detected by beta cells in the pancreas. In response, these cells release insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin allows cells throughout the body to take in glucose from the blood and either use it for immediate energy or convert it into glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles for later use.

Step 4: Storage and Excess
If the body has more glucose than it can use immediately or store as glycogen, it converts the excess into another form of storage: triglycerides, which are the building blocks of fat. This process is known as de novo lipogenesis and primarily occurs in the liver.

Step 5: Long-term Effects
Regular consumption of excessive amounts of sugar can lead to chronically elevated insulin levels, which may contribute to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the accumulation of fat from surplus sugar can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity.

Step 6: Impact on Health
It's important to note that while sugar is a necessary part of a balanced diet, excessive consumption can have negative health effects. Moderation and choosing sources of sugar that come with additional nutrients, such as fruits, is recommended.

Now, let's transition to the Chinese translation of the response.

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Beta cells in the pancreas constantly monitor the amount of glucose in the bloodstream and release insulin to control it. This means that if you consume more sugar than your body needs right away, it can be stored for later to keep your blood-sugar levels constant.Feb 17, 2016read more >>