As a domain expert in the field of psychology, I specialize in the study of moral development and gender differences in psychological theory. One of the pivotal figures in this area is Carol Gilligan, whose work has significantly influenced our understanding of moral reasoning and the role of gender in shaping moral perspectives. Gilligan's theory is a critical response to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which she observed was predominantly based on male subjects and did not adequately account for the moral experiences and voices of women.

Gilligan's theory is grounded in the belief that traditional models of moral development, such as Kohlberg's, overlook the distinct moral concerns and voices of women. She argues that these models are androcentric, meaning they are centered around male perspectives and experiences. To address this, Gilligan developed her own stage theory of moral development that is more inclusive of women's experiences.

Red Text for Emphasis:


1. Stage Theory: Gilligan's theory, like Kohlberg's, is structured around a series of developmental stages. However, her stages are defined by the evolution of an individual's sense of self and relationships with others, rather than by cognitive developmental milestones.


2. Androcentrism: A key critique of Kohlberg's work by Gilligan is that it is androcentric, which led her to develop a theory that considers the unique moral dilemmas and perspectives that women face.


3. Moral Orientation: Gilligan emphasizes the importance of relationships and care in moral decision-making, which contrasts with Kohlberg's focus on justice and individual rights.


4. Voices of Women: Gilligan's work is based on the inclusion and amplification of women's voices in moral discourse, which she believes have been historically marginalized.


5. Developmental Stages: Her theory identifies three major divisions similar to Kohlberg's: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. However, the transitions between these stages are driven by changes in self-perception and interpersonal relationships, not merely cognitive growth.

Gilligan's theory posits that moral development is not solely a cognitive process but is deeply intertwined with the emotional and social aspects of a person's life. She suggests that women often prioritize an ethic of care and responsibility, which is centered on the well-being of others and maintaining relationships, over an ethic of justice that is more commonly associated with male moral reasoning.

In her seminal work, "In a Different Voice," Gilligan presents a critique of Kohlberg's theory and outlines her own perspective on moral development. She argues that women's moral development is not inferior or less developed than men's; it is simply different, shaped by different life experiences and social expectations. Her theory has been influential in highlighting the need for a more gender-inclusive approach to understanding moral reasoning.

Gilligan's work has not only contributed to the field of psychology but also to broader discussions on gender equality and the importance of considering diverse perspectives in ethical and moral decision-making. It has encouraged a more nuanced understanding of morality that acknowledges the complexity of human relationships and the different moral orientations that individuals may adopt based on their gender, culture, and personal experiences.

Now, let's proceed with the translation into Chinese.

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Thus Gilligan produces her own stage theory of moral development for women. Like Kohlberg's, it has three major divisions: preconventional, conventional, and post conventional. But for Gilligan, the transitions between the stages are fueled by changes in the sense of self rather than in changes in cognitive capability.read more >>