As a cognitive neuroscientist with a focus on the autonomic functions of the brain, I can provide a detailed explanation about the part of the brain that controls breathing. The respiratory system is a complex network that involves several parts of the brain and the body to ensure that the body receives the necessary oxygen and expels carbon dioxide.
The brainstem is the primary region responsible for controlling the autonomic processes, including breathing. It is a part of the central nervous system that connects the cerebrum and the cerebellum to the spinal cord. The brainstem is composed of three main parts: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.

The medulla oblongata, often referred to simply as the medulla, is the most crucial part when it comes to controlling breathing. It contains specialized centers known as the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG). These centers are responsible for the rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles, which are essential for inhalation and exhalation.

The pons, located just above the medulla, also plays a role in respiratory regulation. It contains the pontine respiratory group (PRG), which contributes to the modulation of the respiratory rhythm, particularly during sleep.

The midbrain, while not directly involved in the control of breathing, is involved in the regulation of other autonomic functions and can influence the activity of the lower brainstem respiratory centers.

In addition to the brainstem, higher brain centers such as the cerebral cortex and the limbic system can influence the medullary respiratory centers. For instance, the hypothalamus, a part of the limbic system, can modulate the respiratory drive in response to various physiological needs, such as during exercise or stress.

The control of breathing is also influenced by peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid and aortic bodies. These receptors are sensitive to changes in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and send signals to the medulla to adjust the rate and depth of breathing.

Furthermore, the respiratory system is under both voluntary and involuntary control. While we can consciously control our breath for a short period, the brainstem ensures that breathing continues automatically even when we are not consciously thinking about it.

In summary, the brainstem, particularly the medulla oblongata, is the key structure controlling breathing. It works in concert with other parts of the brain and the body to maintain the vital function of respiration.

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The cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the spinal cord are all connected to the brainstem. The brainstem has three main parts, the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The brain stem controls vital functions of the body, including: Breathing.Feb 2, 2018read more >>