As an expert in the field of political history, I am well-versed in the significant transitions that occurred in various countries during the late 20th century. One of the most pivotal moments in modern Russian history was the transition from the Soviet era to the Russian Federation, which was marked by the rise of a new leader. The question at hand pertains to the new leader of Russia in 1990, a figure who played a crucial role in shaping the country's path towards democracy and a market economy.
Boris Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin, was a prominent figure in Russian politics and the one who became the president of Russia in 1990. Born on February 1, 1931, in Sverdlovsk, which is now known as Yekaterinburg, Yeltsin was a transformative leader who navigated the country through a tumultuous period of change. His political career was marked by both significant achievements and contentious decisions, which have been the subject of much debate and analysis.
Yeltsin's rise to power was part of a broader shift in global politics as the Cold War era was coming to an end. The Soviet Union, under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev, was undergoing a series of reforms known as perestroika and glasnost, which aimed to restructure the economy and make the political system more transparent. However, these reforms also exposed the deep-seated issues within the Soviet system and contributed to its eventual dissolution.
In 1990, Yeltsin was elected to the presidency of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), which was then a part of the Soviet Union. His election was a significant moment as it represented a break from the traditional Communist Party leadership that had dominated the country for decades. Yeltsin was known for his charisma and his willingness to challenge the status quo, which resonated with many Russians who were eager for change.
One of Yeltsin's most notable acts as president was his role in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In 1991, following a failed coup attempt by hardline Communists, Yeltsin emerged as a key figure in the dismantling of the Soviet state. He worked closely with the leaders of Ukraine and Belarus to declare the Soviet Union dissolved and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place. This marked the end of the Soviet Union and the beginning of Russia as a sovereign nation.
Yeltsin's presidency was also characterized by his efforts to implement economic reforms. He oversaw a rapid transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, a process known as shock therapy. While this was intended to stabilize the Russian economy, it led to widespread economic hardship and inequality, with many Russians suffering during the transition.
Despite these challenges, Yeltsin's leadership was instrumental in the establishment of democratic institutions in Russia. He introduced a new constitution in 1993, which established a strong presidential system and provided for the protection of human rights and civil liberties. This was a significant departure from the authoritarian rule that had been in place under the Soviet regime.
Yeltsin's tenure, however, was not without controversy. His administration was plagued by allegations of corruption, and his handling of the economic crisis led to widespread dissatisfaction among the Russian populace. Additionally, his decision to use military force to quell a parliamentary rebellion in 1993 further tarnished his reputation.
In conclusion, Boris Yeltsin was a complex and influential figure in Russian history. His presidency marked a critical juncture in the country's transition from a Communist state to a more open and democratic society. While his leadership was marked by both successes and failures, his role in shaping modern Russia is undeniable. Yeltsin passed away on April 23, 2007, in Moscow, leaving behind a legacy that continues to be debated and analyzed by scholars and political observers alike.

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Boris Nikolayevich YeltsinBoris Yeltsin, in full Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin, (born February 1, 1931, Sverdlovsk [now Yekaterinburg], Russia, U.S.S.R.--died April 23, 2007, Moscow, Russia), Russian politician who became president of Russia in 1990.Apr 16, 2018read more >>