As a domain expert in fluid dynamics and plumbing systems, I can explain the phenomenon of water hammer and its causes in a residential setting.

Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave caused by the sudden stop or change in the velocity of fluid flow—most commonly in a plumbing system. This can happen for several reasons:


1. Quick Valve Closure: If a valve is closed too quickly, the water that was moving at high speed has nowhere to go and is forced to stop abruptly. This causes a pressure wave to move back through the system.


2. Pump Shutdown: Similarly, if a pump that is pushing water through a system is turned off suddenly, the water in the pipes continues to move and then is forced to stop, creating a water hammer effect.


3. Pipe Expansion and Contraction: Temperature changes can cause pipes to expand and contract. If the pipe contracts while water is flowing, it can create a sudden stoppage and pressure surge.


4. Pressure Reduction: A sudden drop in the supply pressure from the main water source can also cause water hammer.


5. Pipe Configuration: The layout of the pipes can also contribute to water hammer. Sharp bends, loops, or areas where water can pool can exacerbate the problem.

To mitigate water hammer, one can:

- Install soft start and stop valves that close more gradually.
- Use air chambers or surge arrestors that absorb the pressure surge.
- Ensure proper pipe sizing and layout to minimize abrupt changes in direction or flow.
- Install expansion tanks to handle temperature-induced pressure changes.

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A water hammer commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. This pressure wave can cause major problems, from noise and vibration to pipe collapse.read more >>