As an expert in the field of international relations and political theory, I often delve into the philosophical underpinnings that have shaped our understanding of global politics. One of the most influential schools of thought in this domain is realism. It is a theory that seeks to explain the behavior of states and the nature of power dynamics within the international system. The question of who the founder of realism is can be approached from various perspectives, as realism has evolved over time and has been influenced by numerous thinkers.

Step 1: English Answer

Realism as a school of thought in international relations has its roots in the works of several philosophers and political theorists. However, when we talk about the modern form of realism that is widely recognized in the academic and policy-making circles, Hans J. Morgenthau is often considered one of the key figures who contributed significantly to its development. Morgenthau's work, particularly his seminal book "Politics Among Nations," has been instrumental in defining the tenets of what is known as classical realism.

Morgenthau's realism is characterized by several key principles:


1. Human Nature: Morgenthau believed that human nature is inherently selfish and power-driven, which leads to a struggle for power among nations.


2. Anarchy: He viewed the international system as an anarchic realm where there is no overarching authority to maintain order, leading to a constant competition for power and security.


3. National Interest: Morgenthau argued that the primary motivation of a state is the pursuit of its national interest, which is defined in terms of power and security.


4. Power Politics: He emphasized that politics, both domestic and international, is ultimately about the distribution and use of power.


5. Balancing: Morgenthau suggested that states engage in balancing acts to prevent any single state from becoming too powerful and dominating the international system.

However, it's important to note that Morgenthau was not the sole originator of realist thought. Realism has a long and complex history with roots that can be traced back to ancient thinkers such as Thucydides, who chronicled the Peloponnesian War and highlighted the role of power and fear in state behavior. Other notable figures who contributed to the realist tradition include Niccolò Machiavelli, whose work "The Prince" is a classic study in the use of power and strategy, and Thomas Hobbes, who described the state of nature as a war of all against all, which has been interpreted as a metaphor for the international system.

In the 20th century, the work of E.H. Carr, particularly "The Twenty Years' Crisis," is also significant. Carr provided a critique of utopian thinking in international relations and argued for a more pragmatic approach that acknowledged the role of power.

It's also worth mentioning the neorealists, such as Kenneth Waltz, who built upon the foundations laid by classical realists but introduced the concept of the international system's structure as a primary determinant of state behavior, rather than focusing solely on human nature.

In conclusion, while Hans Morgenthau is often credited with systematizing and popularizing realism in the 20th century, the philosophy of realism is a product of a long lineage of thought that includes many contributors. Each has added layers of complexity and nuance to our understanding of international relations.

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