As an expert in political systems, I can provide an overview of the concept of democracy and discuss various countries that have adopted democratic principles. Democracy is a form of government where power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through elected representatives. It is characterized by free and fair elections, the protection of individual rights, and the rule of law.

Step 1: English Answer

Democracy is a complex and multifaceted concept that has been adopted by numerous countries across the globe. While the specific structures and practices can vary widely, there are certain common elements that are generally associated with democratic governance. These include the right to vote, the existence of political parties, a free press, and an independent judiciary.

India is the world's largest democracy, with a population of over 1.3 billion people. It has a federal parliamentary democratic republic system, with a president as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of government.

The USA (United States of America) is a federal republic with a presidential system. It has a system of checks and balances, with power divided between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.

The UK (United Kingdom) has a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The monarch is the head of state, and the prime minister, who is the head of government, is appointed by the monarch from the majority party in the parliament.

France is a semi-presidential republic with a strong president and a prime minister who is appointed by the president. It has a bicameral parliament consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate.

Germany has a federal parliamentary republic system. The president is the head of state, and the chancellor is the head of government. The Bundestag and the Bundesrat are the two chambers of the parliament.

Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic. It has experienced periods of both democracy and military rule, with the current system being a product of its complex political history.

Ireland is a parliamentary republic with a president as the head of state and a prime minister, known as the Taoiseach, as the head of government.

South Africa is a parliamentary republic with a strong presidency. It has a bicameral parliament and is known for its robust constitution that enshrines human rights and equality.

Poland is a democratic republic with a president as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of government. It has a bicameral parliament consisting of the Sejm and the Senate.

Norway and Sweden are both constitutional monarchies with parliamentary systems. The monarchs have a largely ceremonial role, and the prime minister is the head of government.

Switzerland is a unique case, known for its direct democracy, where citizens can vote on policy issues through referendums. It also has a federal system with a collective presidency.

Greece, after a period of military rule, has established a parliamentary republic. It has a president as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of government.

Italy is a parliamentary republic with a president as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of government. It has a bicameral parliament consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.

Nepal is one of the more recent countries to adopt democracy, transitioning from a monarchy to a federal democratic republic.

Australia and New Zealand are both parliamentary democracies with a constitutional monarchy. The monarch is the head of state, and the prime minister is the head of government.

Indonesia is a presidential system with a directly elected president who serves as both the head of state and the head of government.

The Philippines is a presidential constitutional republic with a bicameral congress and an independent judiciary.

Bangladesh is a parliamentary republic with a prime minister as the head of government and a president as the head of state.

It's important to note that while most European countries have democratic systems in place, the specific form of democracy can vary from one country to another. Some are parliamentary systems, others are presidential systems, and some are a mix of both.

The list provided is not exhaustive, and there are many more countries around the world that have adopted democratic principles in their governance. However, it is also crucial to recognize that the quality and functioning of democracies can differ significantly. Factors such as the rule of law, the independence of the judiciary, the freedom of the press, and the integrity of electoral processes are all critical to the health of a democracy.

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India, USA, UK, France, Germany, Pakistan, Ireland, South Africa, Poland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Greece, Italy, Nepal (one of the recent countries to adopt democracy), Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and many more. Most of the European countries have this democratic set up.read more >>