As a medical professional with expertise in clinical diagnostics, I can provide you with a comprehensive list of signs and symptoms associated with fluid volume excess, which is also known as hypervolemia or fluid overload. This condition occurs when the body has too much fluid, which can be due to various medical conditions or treatments.

**Signs and Symptoms of Fluid Volume Excess:**


1. Weight Gain: Rapid and unexplained weight gain, often noticed over a short period.

2. Edema: Swelling in the extremities, particularly the ankles and legs, but can also occur in the sacrum (tail bone area) when lying down for long periods.

3. Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing, especially when lying down, due to fluid accumulating in the lungs (pulmonary edema).

4. Orthopnea: The need to sit upright to breathe comfortably, often a sign of heart failure.

5. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND): Sudden waking from sleep gasping for air, often due to fluid overload affecting the lungs.

6. Jugular Venous Distension: Enlargement of the jugular veins in the neck, visible when the person is lying flat, indicating increased pressure in the veins.
7.
Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver due to fluid accumulation.
8.
Ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, leading to swelling and discomfort.
9.
Rapid Heart Rate (Tachycardia): An increased heart rate that can be a response to the body's attempt to pump out excess fluid.
10.
Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension): While it might seem counterintuitive, fluid overload can sometimes lead to low blood pressure, particularly when standing up (orthostatic hypotension).
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1. Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak, which can be a result of the heart working harder to pump the excess fluid.
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2. Confusion: Mental changes or confusion, which can be a sign of fluid affecting the brain, especially in the elderly.
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3. Rales: Crackling sounds heard during auscultation of the lungs, indicative of fluid in the lung tissue.

Diagnosis and Treatment:
Diagnosis of fluid volume excess typically involves a physical examination, patient history, and may require diagnostic tests such as chest X-ray, echocardiogram, or blood tests to assess kidney function and the balance of electrolytes.

Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include diuretics to increase urine output, fluid restriction, treatment of the underlying condition (such as heart failure or kidney disease), and in severe cases, the use of ultrafiltration or dialysis.

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Edema Clinical S&S:Weight gain (primary symptom)Excess fluid.Dependent edema (accumulation of fluid in lower parts of the body)Pitting edema.Increased blood pressure.Neck vein engorgement.Effusions (pulmonary, pericardial, peritoneal)CHF.read more >>